:root{--c-paper: #ffffff;--c-paper-tint: #f8f7f5;--c-ink: #121212;--c-ink-body: #2b2b2b;--c-ink-meta: #6b6b6b;--c-ink-faint: #9a9a9a;--c-accent: #8a4b1f;--c-accent-hover: #61330f;--c-rule: #e2e2e2;--c-rule-mid: #c9c9c9;--c-rule-strong: #121212;--f-display: "Newsreader", "Iowan Old Style", Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;--f-body: Georgia, "Iowan Old Style", "Times New Roman", serif;--f-ui: "Libre Franklin", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;--w-display: 600;--w-display-strong: 700;--ls-display: -.011em;--ls-ui: .09em;--ls-ui-wide: .16em;--t-hero: clamp(2rem, 1.15rem + 3.1vw, 3.4rem);--t-title: clamp(1.9rem, 1.1rem + 2.9vw, 3.05rem);--t-h2: clamp(1.35rem, 1.1rem + .8vw, 1.7rem);--t-h3: 1.12rem;--t-story-lg: 1.5rem;--t-story-md: 1.16rem;--t-story-sm: 1rem;--t-body: 1.1875rem;--t-standfirst: 1.25rem;--t-meta: .8125rem;--t-kicker: .6875rem;--lh-display: 1.13;--lh-body: 1.75;--lh-tight: 1.28;--w-page: 1240px;--w-measure: 41rem;--w-rail: 320px;--pad-page: clamp(1rem, .4rem + 2vw, 2.5rem);--gap-col: clamp(1.75rem, 1rem + 2.4vw, 3.5rem);--gap-story: 1.5rem;--space-section: clamp(2.25rem, 1.5rem + 2.4vw, 3.75rem);--r-hair: 1px solid var(--c-rule);--r-mid: 1px solid var(--c-rule-mid);--r-section: 2px solid var(--c-rule-strong);--r-thin-dark: 1px solid var(--c-rule-strong)}@font-face{font-family:Newsreader;src:url(/fonts/Newsreader-var.woff2) format("woff2-variations");font-weight:200 800;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:Libre Franklin;src:url(/fonts/LibreFranklin-var.woff2) format("woff2-variations");font-weight:100 900;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:border-box}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0;background:var(--c-paper);color:var(--c-ink-body);font-family:var(--f-body);font-size:var(--t-body);line-height:var(--lh-body);font-kerning:normal;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;overflow-x:hidden}img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}a{color:var(--c-accent);text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:2px}a:hover{color:var(--c-accent-hover)}:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--c-accent);outline-offset:2px}h1,h2,h3,h4{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:var(--w-display);color:var(--c-ink);letter-spacing:var(--ls-display);line-height:var(--lh-display);margin:0;text-wrap:balance}.wrap{width:100%;max-width:var(--w-page);margin:0 auto;padding:0 var(--pad-page)}.skip-link{position:absolute;left:-9999px;background:var(--c-ink);color:#fff;padding:10px 16px;z-index:100;font-family:var(--f-ui)}.skip-link:focus{left:0;top:0}.kicker{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-kicker);font-weight:600;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-accent);margin:0 0 6px;display:block}.kicker a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.kicker a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.meta{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-meta);line-height:1.5;color:var(--c-ink-meta);margin:0}.headline-link{color:var(--c-ink);text-decoration:none;background-image:linear-gradient(var(--c-ink),var(--c-ink));background-size:0 1px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 100%;transition:background-size .22s ease}.headline-link:hover{color:var(--c-ink);background-size:100% 1px}.masthead{border-bottom:var(--r-thin-dark)}.masthead__top{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto 1fr;align-items:center;gap:12px;padding:14px 0 12px}.masthead__dateline{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.05em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-ink-meta)}.masthead__wordmark{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:var(--w-display-strong);font-size:clamp(1.35rem,.9rem + 1.6vw,2.1rem);letter-spacing:-.02em;line-height:1;color:var(--c-ink);text-decoration:none;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap}.masthead__actions{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;gap:12px}.btn-shop{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-paper);background:var(--c-ink);border:1px solid var(--c-ink);padding:8px 14px;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.btn-shop:hover{background:var(--c-accent);border-color:var(--c-accent);color:#fff}.icon-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:32px;height:32px;color:var(--c-ink);background:none;border:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none}.icon-btn:hover{color:var(--c-accent)}.nav-toggle{display:none;align-items:center;gap:7px;background:none;border:0;padding:4px 0;cursor:pointer;font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:11px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-ink)}.masthead__nav{border-top:var(--r-hair)}.nav__list{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:26px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.nav__link{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-kicker);font-weight:500;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-ink);text-decoration:none;padding:11px 0;border-bottom:2px solid transparent;white-space:nowrap}.nav__link:hover,.nav__link[aria-current=page]{color:var(--c-accent);border-bottom-color:var(--c-accent)}.section-label{display:block;font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-kicker);font-weight:600;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui-wide);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-ink);text-align:center;margin:0;padding:18px 0 14px;border-bottom:var(--r-section)}.section-label--left{text-align:left}.lead{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.72fr) minmax(0,1fr);gap:var(--gap-col);padding:var(--space-section) 0;border-bottom:var(--r-hair)}.lead__main{min-width:0}.lead__figure{margin:0 0 18px}.lead__img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:16 / 9;max-height:400px;object-fit:cover;background:var(--c-paper-tint)}.lead__headline{font-size:var(--t-hero);margin:0 0 12px}.lead__dek{font-size:var(--t-standfirst);line-height:1.5;color:var(--c-ink-body);margin:0 0 12px;max-width:34em}.lead__aside{min-width:0;border-left:var(--r-hair);padding-left:var(--gap-col);display:flex}.lead__aside .stack{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;flex:1;min-height:0}.lead__aside .stack__item{align-items:start}.stack{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.stack__item{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 84px;gap:14px;padding:16px 0;border-bottom:var(--r-hair)}.stack__item:first-child{padding-top:0}.stack__item:last-child{border-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}.stack__headline{font-size:var(--t-story-md);line-height:var(--lh-tight);margin:0 0 6px}.stack__img{width:84px;height:84px;object-fit:cover;background:var(--c-paper-tint)}.columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) var(--w-rail);gap:var(--gap-col);align-items:start;padding:var(--space-section) 0 4rem}.rail{position:sticky;top:20px;align-self:start;min-width:0}.river-head{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-kicker);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui-wide);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-ink);margin:0 0 18px;padding-bottom:9px;border-bottom:var(--r-thin-dark)}.river{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.river__item{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 220px;gap:var(--gap-story);padding:26px 0;border-bottom:var(--r-hair)}.river__item:first-child{padding-top:0}.river__headline{font-size:var(--t-story-lg);margin:0 0 8px}.river__dek{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.55;color:var(--c-ink-body);margin:0 0 10px;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:2;line-clamp:2;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden}.river__img{width:220px;height:147px;object-fit:cover;background:var(--c-paper-tint)}.block{margin-bottom:2.25rem}.block__title{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-kicker);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui-wide);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-ink);margin:0 0 14px;padding-bottom:9px;border-bottom:var(--r-thin-dark)}.promo{background:var(--c-paper-tint);border:var(--r-hair);padding:22px 20px}.promo__title{font-size:1.32rem;margin:0 0 9px}.promo__copy{font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.55;color:var(--c-ink-body);margin:0 0 16px}.promo__cta{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-paper);background:var(--c-ink);padding:11px 18px;text-decoration:none}.promo__cta:hover{background:var(--c-accent);color:#fff}.press{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.press li{border-bottom:var(--r-hair)}.press li:last-child{border-bottom:0}.press__link{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:15px 10px;filter:grayscale(1);opacity:.78;transition:opacity .18s ease,filter .18s ease}.press__link:hover{opacity:1;filter:none}.press__logo{height:24px;width:auto}.ranked{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;counter-reset:rank}.ranked li{display:grid;grid-template-columns:28px minmax(0,1fr);gap:12px;padding:13px 0;border-bottom:var(--r-hair)}.ranked li:last-child{border-bottom:0}.ranked li:before{counter-increment:rank;content:counter(rank);font-family:var(--f-display);font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:var(--c-ink-faint)}.ranked a{font-family:var(--f-display);font-size:var(--t-story-sm);font-weight:var(--w-display);line-height:var(--lh-tight);letter-spacing:var(--ls-display);color:var(--c-ink);text-decoration:none}.ranked a:hover{color:var(--c-accent)}.article{padding:var(--space-section) 0 3rem}.article__inner{max-width:var(--w-measure);margin:0 auto}.article--wide .article__inner{max-width:46rem}.article--wide{padding-top:.5rem}.breadcrumbs{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-ink-meta);margin:0 0 18px}.breadcrumbs a{color:var(--c-ink-meta);text-decoration:none}.breadcrumbs a:hover{color:var(--c-accent)}.breadcrumbs span{margin:0 6px;color:var(--c-ink-faint)}.article__title{font-size:var(--t-title);margin:0 0 16px}.article__dek{font-family:var(--f-body);font-size:var(--t-standfirst);line-height:1.5;color:var(--c-ink-body);margin:0 0 22px}.byline{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:6px 14px;align-items:baseline;font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-meta);color:var(--c-ink-meta);padding:14px 0;border-top:var(--r-hair);border-bottom:var(--r-hair);margin-bottom:28px}.byline__name{font-weight:600;color:var(--c-ink);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;font-size:11px}figure{margin:0}.figure--lead{margin:0 0 30px}.figure__img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:16 / 9;object-fit:cover;background:var(--c-paper-tint)}.figure__caption{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-meta);line-height:1.45;color:var(--c-ink-meta);padding-top:9px;border-bottom:var(--r-hair);padding-bottom:11px}.figure__credit{color:var(--c-ink-faint);font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05em;margin-left:6px}.opener{width:100vw;max-width:100vw;margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-bottom:34px}.opener img{width:100%;height:clamp(230px,38vh,440px);object-fit:cover}.opener .figure__caption{max-width:var(--w-page);margin:0 auto;padding-left:var(--pad-page);padding-right:var(--pad-page);border-bottom:0}.prose{font-size:var(--t-body);line-height:var(--lh-body)}.prose>p{margin:0 0 1.35em}.prose h2{font-size:var(--t-h2);margin:2.1em 0 .55em}.prose h3{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-h3);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em;text-transform:none;margin:1.9em 0 .5em}.prose ul,.prose ol{margin:0 0 1.35em;padding-left:1.3em}.prose li{margin-bottom:.55em}.prose li::marker{color:var(--c-ink-faint)}.prose strong{font-weight:700;color:var(--c-ink)}.prose a{color:var(--c-ink-body);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--c-accent);text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:3px}.prose a:hover{color:var(--c-accent)}.prose blockquote{margin:1.8em 0;padding:0 0 0 1.15em;border-left:2px solid var(--c-ink);color:var(--c-ink-body);font-style:italic}.prose blockquote p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.prose hr{border:0;border-top:var(--r-hair);margin:2.4em 0}.prose img{margin:1.8em 0 .5em}.table-scroll{overflow-x:auto;margin:0 0 1.6em}.prose table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.45}.prose th,.prose td{border-bottom:var(--r-hair);padding:10px 12px 10px 0;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}.prose thead th{border-bottom:var(--r-thin-dark);font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-ink)}.prose--dropcap>p:first-of-type:first-letter{float:left;font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:var(--w-display-strong);font-size:3.9em;line-height:.82;padding:.06em .09em 0 0;color:var(--c-ink)}.pullquote{margin:2em 0;padding:1.1em 0;border-top:var(--r-thin-dark);border-bottom:var(--r-thin-dark);text-align:center}.pullquote p{font-family:var(--f-display);font-size:1.55rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:var(--w-display);letter-spacing:var(--ls-display);color:var(--c-ink);margin:0}.pullquote cite{display:block;font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:11px;font-style:normal;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-ink-meta);margin-top:12px}.keybox{background:var(--c-paper-tint);border-top:var(--r-thin-dark);padding:20px 22px;margin:2em 0}.keybox h4{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui-wide);text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 10px}.keybox ul{margin:0;padding-left:1.15em}.keybox li{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:.45em}.keybox li:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.note{border-left:2px solid var(--c-accent);padding:2px 0 2px 16px;margin:1.8em 0;font-size:1.02rem;color:var(--c-ink-body)}.article--explainer .article__grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:var(--gap-col)}.toc{display:none}.toc__title{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui-wide);text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 12px;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:var(--r-thin-dark)}.toc ol{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;counter-reset:toc}.toc li{padding:7px 0;border-bottom:var(--r-hair)}.toc li:last-child{border-bottom:0}.toc a{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-meta);line-height:1.4;color:var(--c-ink-meta);text-decoration:none;display:block}.toc a:hover{color:var(--c-accent)}.article__foot{max-width:var(--w-measure);margin:2.6rem auto 0;padding-top:20px;border-top:var(--r-thin-dark)}.tags{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.tag{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:var(--ls-ui);text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-ink-meta);border:var(--r-hair);padding:5px 10px;text-decoration:none}.tag:hover{color:var(--c-ink);border-color:var(--c-ink)}.endmatter{border-top:var(--r-thin-dark);padding:var(--space-section) 0 4rem}.endmatter__grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:var(--gap-col)}.site-footer{border-top:var(--r-section);padding:30px 0 44px;font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:var(--t-meta);color:var(--c-ink-meta)}.site-footer__inner{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px 28px;align-items:baseline;justify-content:space-between}.site-footer a{color:var(--c-ink);text-decoration:none}.site-footer a:hover{color:var(--c-accent);text-decoration:underline}.site-footer__links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:20px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.empty{font-family:var(--f-ui);font-size:.95rem;color:var(--c-ink-meta);padding:34px 0}.page-404{text-align:center;padding:5rem 0 6rem}.page-404 h1{font-size:var(--t-title);margin-bottom:14px}.page-404 p{max-width:32em;margin:0 auto 22px}@media(min-width:1180px){.article--explainer .article__grid{grid-template-columns:210px minmax(0,1fr)}.article--explainer .article__inner{margin:0 auto}.toc{display:block;position:sticky;top:24px;align-self:start}}@media(max-width:1080px){.lead{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:0}.lead__aside{border-left:0;border-top:var(--r-hair);padding-left:0;padding-top:22px;margin-top:26px}.stack{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:22px}.stack__item{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);border-bottom:0;border-left:var(--r-hair);padding:0 0 0 18px}.stack__item:first-child{border-left:0;padding-left:0}.stack__img{width:100%;height:110px}.stack__item>a:has(.stack__img){order:-1;margin-bottom:10px}}@media(max-width:960px){.columns{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:0}.rail{position:static;margin-top:2.5rem;padding-top:2rem;border-top:var(--r-section)}.endmatter__grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}@media(max-width:760px){.masthead__top{grid-template-columns:auto 1fr auto;padding:11px 0 10px}.masthead__dateline{display:none}.masthead__wordmark{text-align:center;font-size:1.15rem}.nav-toggle{display:inline-flex}.btn-shop{padding:7px 11px}.masthead__nav{display:none}.masthead__nav[data-open=true]{display:block}.nav__list{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:0;padding:4px 0 10px}.nav__link{padding:9px 0;border-bottom:0}.lead{padding:1.75rem 0}.stack{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:0}.stack__item{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 84px;border-left:0;border-bottom:var(--r-hair);padding:15px 0}.stack__item:last-child{border-bottom:0}.stack__img{width:84px;height:84px}.stack__item>a:has(.stack__img){order:0;margin-bottom:0}.river__item{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 110px;gap:14px;padding:20px 0}.river__img{width:110px;height:88px}.river__dek{display:none}.endmatter__grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}.prose--dropcap>p:first-of-type:first-letter{font-size:3.2em}}@media(max-width:420px){:root{--t-body: 1.125rem}.river__item{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}.river__img{width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:3 / 2}.river__item>a:has(.river__img){order:-1;margin-bottom:12px}}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{transition:none!important}}@media print{.masthead__nav,.rail,.endmatter,.site-footer,.promo{display:none}body{font-size:11pt}}.masthead__dateline[data-astro-cid-r6zpem2t]{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px}@media(max-width:760px){.masthead__date[data-astro-cid-r6zpem2t]{display:none}}